Journal: Journal of Anatomy

Article Title: Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae)

doi: 10.1111/joa.13837

Figure Lengend Snippet: The baryonychine rhombencephalon, in right lateral views. (a) Baryonyx walkeri , (b) Ceratosuchops inferodios . Abbreviations: c, cochlea; fl, floccular lobe; fo, fenestra ovalis; lab, endosseous labyrinth; pit, pituitary; sin, blind dural venous sinus of the hindbrain; V, trigeminal nerve canal; VI, abducens nerve canal; VII hym , hyomandibular ramus of the facial nerve; VII pal , palatine ramus of the facial nerve; VIII vest , vestibular ramus of the vestibulocochlear nerve; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve canal; X–XI, shared canal for the vagus and accessory nerves, and accompanying vessels; XII, hypoglossal nerve canal; ?, potential accessory hypoglossal nerve or venous canal. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Article Snippet: Only a single hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) trunk is bilaterally present in Baryonyx (Figure ): this opens within a common fossa on the occiput alongside the vagal canal.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Anatomy

Article Title: Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae)

doi: 10.1111/joa.13837

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cranial endocast of Ceratosuchops inferodios (IWCMS 2014.95.1–3), reconstructed from CT scans, in (a) right lateral, (b) anterior, (c) ventral, (d) posterior and (e) dorsal views. Vascular structures and endosseous labyrinth also depicted. Abbreviations: c, cochlea; car, cerebral internal carotid artery canal; cer, cerebral hemisphere; de, dorsal expansion; fl, floccular lobe; lab, endosseous labyrinth; ocv, orbitocerebral vein; pit, pituitary; pmcv, posterior middle cerebral vein canal; sin, blind dural venous sinus of the hindbrain; II, optic nerve canal; IV, trochlear nerve canal; V, trigeminal nerve canal; V 1 , ophthalmic nerve canal; VI, abducens nerve canal; VII, facial nerve canal, VIII co , cochlear ramus of the vestibulocochlear nerve; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve canal; X–XI, shared canal for the vagus, and accessory nerves, and accompanying vessels; XII, hypoglossal nerve canal; ?, potential accessory hypoglossal nerve or venous canal. Scale bar: 50 mm.

Article Snippet: Only a single hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) trunk is bilaterally present in Baryonyx (Figure ): this opens within a common fossa on the occiput alongside the vagal canal.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Anatomy

Article Title: Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae)

doi: 10.1111/joa.13837

Figure Lengend Snippet: Braincases of (a, c, e, f, h) Baryonyx walkeri (NHMUK PV R9951) and (b, d, g, i) Ceratosuchops inferodios (IWCMS 2014.95.1–3), in (a, b) right anterolateral and (c, d) right posterolateral, (e–g) right lateral and (h, i) posterior (right side) views, showing the major neurovascular features (and associated foramina) and braincase anatomy. Note that in Baryonyx , the separate cranial nerve trunks X—XI and XII open into a common fossa lateral to the occipital condyle, which is depicted here. Abbreviations: ce, cranial endocast; cul, cultriform process; ct, crista tuberalis; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; car, cerebral internal carotid artery canal; F, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; lab, endosseous labyrinth; LS, laterosphenoid; ocv, orbitocerebral vein; oc, occipital condyle; OS, orbitosphenoid; OT, otoccipital; otc, olfactory tract; P, parietal; pit, pituitary; pmcv, posterior middle cerebral vein canal; PRO, prootic; II, optic nerve canal; IV, trochlear nerve canal; V, trigeminal nerve canal; V 1 , ophthalmic nerve canal; VI, abducens nerve canal; VII, facial nerve canal; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve canal; X–XI, shared canal for the vagus and accessory nerves, and accompanying vessels; XII, hypoglossal nerve canal; ?, potential accessory hypoglossal nerve or venous canal. Scale bars: (a–d) 20 mm and (e–i) 50 mm.

Article Snippet: Only a single hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) trunk is bilaterally present in Baryonyx (Figure ): this opens within a common fossa on the occiput alongside the vagal canal.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Anatomy

Article Title: Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae)

doi: 10.1111/joa.13837

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cranial endocast of Baryonyx walkeri (NHMUK PV R9951), reconstructed from CT scans, in (a) right lateral, (b) anterior, (c) ventral, (d) posterior and (e) dorsal views. Vascular structures and endosseous labyrinth also depicted. Abbreviations: c, cochlea; car, cerebral internal carotid artery canal; cer, cerebral hemisphere; de, dorsal expansion; fl, floccular lobe; lab, endosseous labyrinth; otc, olfactory tract; pit, pituitary; pmcv, posterior middle cerebral vein canal; sin, blind dural venous sinus of the hindbrain; V, trigeminal nerve canal; VI, abducens nerve canal; VII, facial nerve canal, VIII co , cochlear ramus of the vestibulocochlear nerve; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve canal; X–XI, shared canal for the vagus, and accessory nerves, and accompanying vessels; XII, hypoglossal nerve canal. Asterisk (*) marks the disarticulated left otoccipital portion of the endocast. Scale bar: 50 mm.

Article Snippet: Only a single hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) trunk is bilaterally present in Baryonyx (Figure ): this opens within a common fossa on the occiput alongside the vagal canal.

Techniques:

Journal: ACS chemical neuroscience

Article Title: Targeting two-pore-domain potassium channels by mechanical stretch instantaneously modulates action potential transmission in mouse sciatic nerves

doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00052

Figure Lengend Snippet: Linear increase in conduction delay (CD) with increase in axial stretch ratio of sciatic nerve trunk in both A- and C-fibers. (A) Percentage increase in CD was plotted against stretch ratio for 10 A-fibers and 12 C-fibers. (B) The slope of % CD increase versus stretch ratio is significantly greater in C-fibers than in A-fibers. * p<0.05.

Article Snippet: Harvesting mouse sciatic nerve trunk and branches Sciatic nerves were harvested from male or female C57BL/6 mice 8 – 12 weeks of age, 20 – 30 g body weight (Taconic, Germantown, NJ).

Techniques:

Journal: ACS chemical neuroscience

Article Title: Targeting two-pore-domain potassium channels by mechanical stretch instantaneously modulates action potential transmission in mouse sciatic nerves

doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00052

Figure Lengend Snippet: A novel single-fiber recording setup to assess axial nerve stretch effect on action potential transmission in mouse sciatic nerves. As schematized in (A), mechanical tensile stretch was delivered by ligating the proximal L3 and L4 spinal nerves and distal common peroneal and tibial nerves. Action potentials were evoked from the sural nerve by a suction electrode at 0.5 Hz as shown in the photograph in (B) and recorded from split filaments of the L5 spinal nerve as shown in (C). The scale bars are approximately 2 mm in (B) and 0.2 mm in (C).

Article Snippet: Harvesting mouse sciatic nerve trunk and branches Sciatic nerves were harvested from male or female C57BL/6 mice 8 – 12 weeks of age, 20 – 30 g body weight (Taconic, Germantown, NJ).

Techniques: Transmission Assay